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Neuronal diseases, such as diabetic neuropathy, are a significant complication arising from diabetes mellitus. Prolonged exposure to high blood sugar levels can damage delicate nerve fibers, causing diabetic neuropathy. This condition can lead to a range of symptoms including pain, numbness, and weakness, primarily in the hands and feet. The pathophysiology of diabetic neuropathy involves complex interactions between metabolic and vascular factors, leading to neuronal ischemia and altered neural metabolism. Effective management strategies include strict glycemic control, lifestyle modifications, and pharmacological interventions aimed at alleviating symptoms and slowing disease progression.